It was like a mafia arrangement. A client pays and is sure of protection. In this case, it was between the United States, and the US, which prides itself as the freest, most democratic, most gender-friendly and most open country in the world founded on fundamental human rights.

Its partner is Saudi Arabia, a monarchy with an anathema for democracy with no pretensions to human or women’s rights and a history of physically eliminating political opponents.

Both reached an agreement that changed the world economy from purely selfish motives: the US as the policeman of the world would provide muscle and protection for Saudi Arabia no matter what atrocities it commits, while the other would provide financial backing to strengthen its protector’s economy against all others.

On June 8, 1974, the US represented by Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and Saudi Second Deputy Premier, Prince Fand Ibn Abdel Aziz, signed the six-page Milestone Pact in Blair House across the street from the White House.

The agreement established joint commissions on economic cooperation and Saudi Arabia’s military needs. It provides for a group “to consider plans for Saudi Arabia’s economic development, paying special attention to the use of flared gas for expanding the production of fertilizer”.

A second group was “to consider projects aimed at the further development of Saudi technical manpower skills, the expansion of educational and technical institutions, the transfer of technological expertise, the establishment of a comprehensive Saudi Arabian science and technology programme keyed to the national goals of the kingdom, and an expansion of sister university relations”. A third group was on development projects, including solar energy and a fourth was on agriculture, especially desert agriculture.

In return, Saudi Arabia, which had the world’s largest proven reserves of oil, was to price and sell its oil only in dollars and was also obliged to invest its surplus oil proceeds in US debt securities. Also, it was to pump so much oil into the market as to force down prices as well as pressure members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, to also denominate their oil sales only in dollars.

The pricing of oil only in dollars became known as petrodollars and gave the US the leverage to be the banker of the world in the sense of being the dominant currency for international pricing, payments and reserves. It also gave the US the financial muscle to impose sanctions on countries it thinks are stepping out of tune.

On the other hand, it gave Saudi Arabia immunity to do as it pleases as the US would always protect it. So Saudi Arabia denies its citizens fundamental human rights, including those to basic representation and press freedom.

This is why the Saudi establishment has been so confident to physically eliminate perceived political opponents like sending a hit squad that on Tuesday, October 2, 2018, butchered journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, in Turkey. Until today, Khashoggi’s body parts have not been recovered. Back in 1979, Nassir al-Sa’id, founder of the Arabian Peninsula People’s Union, APPU, decided to go into exile in Lebanon and has not been seen ever since. Saudi Prince Sultan bin Turki, while in exile, was abducted in Geneva and surfaced in a Saudi prison.

The Saudis also run an opaque legal system in which you can be found guilty and punished without being charged to court. When in 2017 the Saudi establishment felt 208 rich princes, ministers and businessmen were corrupt, it did not charge them. Rather, it rounded them up, detained them in the five-star Ritz Carlton Hotel and forced them to transfer 70 per cent of their wealth to the state before they could be freed.

Internationally, Saudi Arabia has been on a rampage. When people in Bahrain protested against the dictatorship in their country, Saudi Arabia invaded twice, carrying out massacres in the streets. The ongoing civil war in Yemen has bombed thousands of civilians, including clearly identified schools, school buses, hospitals, large markets, weddings, and even funerals.

In 2017, it imposed a 13-point demand on Qatar to within 10 days, wind up the Al-Jazeera international news network and curb ties with Iran and Turkey. For this, it imposed an illegal air embargo on that country which the US-supported.

Saudi Arabia was also the main funder of the terrorist group, the Islamic State, ISIS, before it lost control of that group. The primary aim was to use it to ignite the Syrian civil war and overthrow the Assad administration. Saudi Arabia violates international labour laws by simply detaining and deporting migrant labourers from countries like India, the Philippines, Pakistan and Ethiopia without paying them their earned wages.

While protecting Saudi Arabia, the US has been quite vicious against countries that want to reverse the dominance of the dollar. When in October 2000, Sadam Hussein decided to move away from using dollars to price Iraqi oil, he signed his death warrant. The US with British backing asked President Hussein to surrender weapons of mass destruction which they knew Iraq did not possess. Based on that excuse, the country was invaded in 2003 and Hussein murdered.

In 2009, President Mouammar Ghadaffi conceived and financed a plan to unify African countries with a single gold currency, and campaigned that oil-producing countries in Africa demand payment in gold rather than dollars; he, like Hussein, signed his death warrant. A rebellion was engineered; the US-led the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO, to bomb the Libyan armed forces out of existence; and on October 20, 2011, got Ghadaffi was shot, point-blank on the streets of Libya.

It seemed nothing could challenge or change the international petrodollar system. That was until March 2022 when the US and its allies decided to impose sanctions on Russia in the wake of the war in Ukraine. Russia then demanded Europeans and other countries purchasing its oil and gas must do so in roubles.

Also, with effect from Thursday, April 7, 2022, Russian coal and oil paid for in yuan, started being shipped to China. Again, India is in talks to buy Russian oil at discounted prices and pay in Yuan which is a stable currency and is the fourth most-traded currency after the dollar, Euro and pound which are all enmeshed in the sanctions war with Russia.

There are also negotiations about a rupee-ruble trade mechanism in which Indian exporters can pay for their exports to Russia in rupees, not dollars. Perhaps one of the greatest surprises is Saudi Arabia engaging China in negotiations to price some of its oil sales in Yuan. Since Russia is not Iraq that can easily be invaded and China is not Libya that can be bombed to submission, the real challenge to the 48-year petrodollar regime has come.

Lakemfa, a former secretary general of African workers, is a human rights activist, journalist and author.

When in 2014, Yevgeny Prigozhin, a Russian businessman, received the blessing of his friend, President Vladimir Putin, to form a network of military mercenaries to help Russia effect the annexation of Crimea, he was intentional about naming the private army and called it the Wagner group. Wagner is the nom de guerre of the group leader, Dmitry Utkin, but most importantly it is also the name of Hitler’s favourite composer during the Third Reich.

Wilhelm Richard Wagner, prior to finding commercial success in music, was a little known composer who lived a troubled life, was neck deep in debt and with a failed marriage, caused by marital infidelity. In 1850, however, he wrote his infamous work titled “Das Judentum in der Musik” (“Judaism in Music”), in which he argued that Jews were incapable of true creativity and thereby made a hit. In this treatise, Wagner opined that the Jewish artist can only “speak in imitation of others, make art in imitation of others, he cannot really speak, write, or create art on his own”. He instantly became the darling of an underground nationalist movement know to espouse antisemitic sentiments.

The relationship between Richard Wagner, the opera composer, and Adolf Hitler, the world’s most brutal dictator, dated back to the time of the formation of the Nazi Party, but grew exponentially throughout the years of Hitler’s reign. No other musician is as closely linked with Nazism as Wagner, and the year 1933, which was the year of Hitler’s accession to power, coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of Richard Wagner’s death. The event was marked with pomp at the Bayreuth music festival under the theme, ‘Wagner and the new Germany’. Sadly enough, the seminal work of this racist, who was adored by Hitler, inspired the group that Russia unleashed on the rest of the world.

The Wagner Group came to global prominence in the 2014, at the time of the Russian annexation of Crimea, where it aided separatist groups in Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Since then, it has deployed forces to many conflict regions of the world, including Syria, Libya, Sudan, Central African Republic (CAR), Mali and Mozambique, seizing oil and gas assets, while protecting Russian interests and doing the bidding of autocrats. Today, the group is back in Ukraine, in support of the latest Russian invasion, where it is allegedly tasked with assassinating Ukrainian leaders.

The group is not registered anywhere in the world as a legal entity, not even in Russia. Since the use of mercenaries are not permitted under Russian law, their murky existence allows the Kremlin to distance itself from atrocities committed by these dare-devil soldiers of fortune, giving the regime plausible deniability and creating distance between the Russian state and the group. But Russia is not the only country that hires soldiers of fortune to do their dirty jobs. They likely learnt this trade from the West, came up with a home grown outfit, honed their skills, and proceeded to give them more fangs.

On March 7, 2004, a Briton named Simon Mann and 69 other mercinaries, mostly from South Africa, were arrested in Zimbabwe, when the Boeing 727 aircraft they were travelling on got confiscated by that nation’s security forces for illegal arms trafficking and immigration violations. It was a brief stop over at Harare international airport, where they had planned to load up weapons and equipment, on their way to the small African nation of Equatorial Guinea. Their goal was to topple the government of President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo in what was later nicknamed “The Wonga Coup”.

The Wonga (British slang for money) coup, though organised by British financiers who were private citizens, was believed to have recieived the tacit support of some influential figures in the then British government. The goal was to install Severo Moto Nsa, an exiled Equatoguinean opposition politician, in return for preferential oil rights being granted corporations with ties to the coup financiers. The botched coup received lots of international media attention and saw to the trial and subsequent conviction of Mark Thatcher, the son of a former British prime minister in a South African court, for his role in the whole saga.

To get the job done, the plotters needed three things in place. A pliable ruler who would do their bidding when installed, a small disposable army and lastly, investors who could finance the operation and in return would be given access to the country’s oil wealth. But the coup failed because, for the most part, the plotters couldn’t just keep their mouths shut and, at some point, they even had it discussed at Chatham House. It was believed that the Angolan president and few others tipped off the president of Equatorial Guinea on the plot.

The chief mastermind of the plot was Eli Calil, a Nigerian-born Lebanese millionaire, who also held a British passport. He was the same man who some years prior was arrested in Paris, travelling with a Senegalese passport, regarding a deal that involved the French company, Elf Equitaine, now Total, and in which he attempted to bribe the then Nigerian President Abacha, in order to get some oil concessions. He was, however, later acquitted of the charges due to insufficient evidence. Eli died on May 28, 2018 after falling down a flight of stairs.

Simon Mann, the man chosen to lead the group was a retired British army officer and a former partner in the defunct London-based private military firm called Executive Outcomes. He was later charged, tried and convicted in both Zimbabwe and Equatorial Guinea but he eventually served three years of a four-year prison sentence in the former, and less than two years of a 34-year and four month sentence in Equatorial Guinea.

How can anyone forget the United States of America when it comes to the use of private military contractors and the atrocities they commit? Erik Prince, the former head of the infamous private security contractor, Blackwater, now known as Academi, whose employees killed 17 Iraqi civilians and injured 20 in 2007, later made his way to Libya, according to a New York Times report.

Mr Prince, a retired Navy SEAL, was under a United Nations investigation as a gun-runner. He was later accused of violating a U.N arms embargo on Libya, by sending weapons and deploying a force of foreign mercenaries in support of a military campaign attempting to overthrow the internationally backed Government of National Accord (GNA) at the time. The beneficiary of his effort was no other than Khalifa Hifter, the powerful militia commander believed to have been responsible for the instability in the North African nation. In fact, a Libya specialist and Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) Senior Research Fellow Alison Pargeter regarded Haftar, at the tim,e as the “biggest single obstacle to peace in Libya.”

And so from Simon Mann’s Executive Outcomes to Erik Prince’s Blackwater, foreign government are increasingly relying on shadowy private military groups, led by conscienceless people, to do their dirty jobs in order to escape accountability and evade justice.

The practice of using mercenaries has been there for centuries before now. There were mercinaries  in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries, deployed to protect kings and popes. Pope Louis XVI, for instance, was protected by Swiss mercenaries when he was in Versailles and there was a revolution. But such loose practices have now been replaced by modern mercenaries, which is a mixture of private contractors, security guards, soldiers of fortune, guns for hire, and employees of private military companies.

According to Sorcha MacLeod, chair of the United Nations Working Group, “There’s a trend or pattern around what happens when Wagner is involved in an armed conflict. The conflict is prolonged, involves heavy weaponry, civilians are impacted in substantial way, human rights violations and war crimes increase substantially and there’s no access to justice for victims.” You can substitute the Wagner group with Blackwater, Executive Outcomes  and a bunch of other private armies and the result will be the same. Regrettably, these dirty outfits with their hired guns have come to stay.

Osmund Agbo, a public affairs analyst is the coordinator of African Center for Transparency and Convener of Save Nigeria Project. Email: Eagleosmund@yahoo.com